nEffects of Freeze Dried Blueberry Powder (Polyphenols) on Cardiovascular Disease

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nIntroduction

nBackground to the Study

nDietary epidemiology offers some evidence concerning the cardio-protective properties of foodstuffs rich in polyphenols, like berries, tea, soy, and cocoa products (Carkeet, 2013, p.14). Blueberries are predominantly rich in polyphenolic flavonoids as well as significant quantities of micronutrients and fiber. Even though most processing techniques result to a substantial reduction in the anthocyanin content, freeze-drying has been found to least reduce the content of polyphenol in berries (Carkeet, 2013, p.24). Blueberries have comparatively high antioxidant content among numerous diverse fruits. They are good sources of phytochemicals, mostly phenolic mixtures (Higdon, 2007, p.45).

nBiochemical examinations have shown that blueberries contain many anthocyanins with antioxidant qualities. Nutrition specialist Henry Lindlahr showed the relationship between a well diet and greater health (Mateljan, 2006, p.61). Furthermore, numerous studies have recognized the significance of nutritive polyphenols that occur naturally in promoting cardiovascular power (Mateljan, 2006, p.64). Colorful berries and vegetables comprising huge quantities of phytochemicals have been associated with substantial circulatory health benefits. Additionally, scholars have established that blueberries aid guard the brain from oxidative strain and may decrease the consequences of disorders related with age (Charles, 2003, p.23). Further studies have shown that blueberry flavonoids can improve endothelial role and improve heart strength. Endothelial dysfunction may play a vital role in the increasing blood pressure that transpires after menopause (Pollan, 2009, p.33).

nAdditionally, endothelial dysfunction has been found to intensify arterial difficulty involved in the growth and advancement of both hypertension and circulatory illness. Freeze withered blueberry concentrate have also been shown to boost cardiovascular fitness (Cherniske, 2003, p.71). Consuming blueberries may diminish the possibility of atherosclerosis. A research published in 2010 in the Journal of Nutrition established that mice fed with blueberry had fewer atherosclerotic sign than those that did not obtain blueberry supplementation (Jongen, 2002, p.11). Moreover, blueberries have quantity of polyphenols which may keep bones strong and avoid osteoporosis.

nProblem Statement

nAbout 17.1 million persons perished from cardiovascular illnesses primarily from cardiac ailments and stroke in 2004. The figure was projected to rise to 23.6 million individuals in 2030 (Fuhrman, 2005, p.53). Developmental risk aspects like cigarette use and harmful diet are responsible for nearly 80% of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Intake of fruits and vegetables has been inversely connected with a reduced possibility of CVD, most probably owing to the richness and range of bioactive composites it contains (Ni & Dixon, 2012, p.89).

nBlueberries are particularly good source of phytochemicals, predominantly anthocyanins and ellagic acid, which possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory purposes (Ottaway, 2008, p.34). Antioxidants assist in neutralizing free radicals which are unsteady fragments connected to the development of a number of illnesses which includes alterations in cells, cardiovascular illness as well as other age-linked disorders .

nJustification of the Study

nIn order to diminish CVD, precautionary approaches are evidently a key emphasis of attention (Pratt & Mathews, 2005, p.9). Epidemiological researches have shown that the intake of fruits and vegetables is contrariwise linked with the possibility of developing CVD. According to the USDA record of the antioxidant movement of certain foodstuffs, blueberries are ranked among the maximum related to 40 further new fruits and vegetables (Pratt & Mathews, 2005, p.14). Uncooked freeze desiccated blueberry powder have antioxidant strong properties that aid counteract unrestricted radicals which are unsteady particles associated with the growth of cardiovascular illnesses. Therefore this research will seek to offer more information on the health benefits of the freeze dried blueberry on cardiovascular disease (Pratt & Mathews, 2005, p.29).

nResearch Question

n1. What is the consequence of freeze dried blueberry powder supplementation on cardiovascular diseases risk factors?

nResearch Objective

n1. To determine the effect of freeze dried blueberry powder supplementation on cardiovascular diseases risk factors.

nSignificance and Anticipated Output of the Study

nFreeze desiccated blueberry powder have been recognized to reduce fat levels in the body. Individuals with high levels of fats in blood have been guided to supplement blueberry powder in their intake (Terry, 2011, p.25). In 2010, the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry issued an article that scrutinized the effect of blueberry excerpt on hamsters that took a diet rich in fats. The set of hamsters that got the blueberry extract had lesser whole and LDL lipid levels than those in the control cluster (Terry, 2011, p.29). Furthermore, scholars from Florida State University acknowledged that everyday intake of blueberries may aid reduce blood pressure and develop the arterial strength.

nThe scholars established that two months of consuming an everyday dosage of 22 grams of freeze-dried blueberry powder led to 5.1% and 6.3% decreases in blood pressure in the diastole and systole (Terry, 2011, p.35). The benefits were connected to an upsurge in quantities of nitric oxide, which were established to rise from 9.11 to 15.35 micromoles over the progress of the investigation. Nitric oxide was established to be a strong vasodilator, aiding in relaxing the walls of blood vessels as well as lowering blood force (Terry, 2011, p.38). Due to the incidences of cardiovascular illnesses in the US, pre-emptive approaches like nutritional amendments that intents to improve the cardiovascular illnesses and its associated difficulties are necessary.

nTests to be performed

nVarious tests will be conducted in this study. The Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) ELISA test kit will be used for the quantitative determination of Lp(a) in plasma by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). It will define the total human Lp(a) according to the sandwich principle (Simpson, Nollet, Toldra, Benjakul, Palivath & Hui, 2012, p.14). After a clenaing step, a peroxidase branded discovery antibody will be added. A subsequent washing stage will be followed by the addition of the substrate. The response will be ended by the addition of an acidic break solution (Hidgon, 2007, p.46). The optical densities are read at 450 nm in a microtiter plate reader. Levels of higher than 30mg/dl have been confirmed to unconventionally increase the threat of coronary heart ailment by six times.

nHuman PCSK9 immunoassay is a solid phase ELISA intended to measure PCSK9 in cell culture supernates, cell lysates, serum, and plasma (Hidgon, 2007, p.48). The concentrations of Serum PCSK9 have been established to be directly related with lipid levels. Xanthine Oxidase (XO) is existent in significant quantities in the liver and jejunum in fit personalities (Wolfe, 2009, p.71). Nonetheless, in various liver disorders, XO is released into circulation. Therefore, determination of serum XO level indicates serious liver impairment. Uric acid test kit offers a useful way of identifying uric acid in biological models like serum and urine (Wolfe, 2009, p.74). Contemporary indications have shown the close relationship between serum urate level and cardiovascular illnesses and deaths, particularly among individuals with great cardiovascular possibility.

nVarious epidemiological drifts and clinical examinations support the concept of a regimen rich in fruits and vegetables being connected with lowered cardiovascular problems and death (Sisson, Jaminet & Jaminet, 2014, p.42). Diets rich in polyphenol have been linked with decreasing CVD threat thus encouraging optimum aging. The literature revised here confirms that management of cells and animal models with polyphenols with impacts indicating conduits to reduce the danger allied with cardiovascular illnesses, and validates their beneficial efficiency in functioning as anti-aging molecules.

nReferences

nCarkeet, C. (2013). Phytochemicals. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press.

nCharles, D. (2013). Antioxidant properties of spices, herbs and other sources. New York, NY: Springer.

nCherniske, S. (2003). The metabolic plan. New York: Ballantine Books.

nFuhrman, J. (2005). Disease-proof your child. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

nGlassman, K. The O2 diet.

nHigdon, J. (2007). An evidence-based approach to dietary phytochemicals. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

nJongen, W. (2002). Fruit and vegetable processing. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

nMateljan, G. (2006). The world’s healthiest foods. Seattle, Wash.: George Mateljan Foundation.

nNi, M., & Dixon, P. (2012). Dr. Mao’s secrets of longevity cookbook. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub.

nOttaway, P. (2008). Food fortification and supplementation. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC.

nPollan, M. (2009). Food rules. New York: Penguin Books.

nPratt, S., & Matthews, K. (2005). Superfoods Rx. New York: Harper Paperback.

nSimpson, B., Nollet, L., Toldrá, F., Benjakul, S., Paliyath, G., & Hui, Y. (2012). Food Biochemistry and Food Processing. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

nSisson, M., Jaminet, S., & Jaminet, P. (2014). Perfect health diet. New York: Scribner.

nTerry, L. (2011). Health-promoting Properties of Fruits and Vegetables. Wallingford: CABI.

nWolfe, D. (2009). Superfoods. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.