What Happened during Feudal Restoration in Japan

nFrom 1185 to 1868, particularly in the feudal period, Japan was under the rule of Shogun Tokugawa. During this period, the emperor had lost his authority and control leading to establishment of Shogun rulers. They were various army lords who presided over smaller areas in japan as opposed to having a single and power emperor (Lehmann, 2010). The feudal power started when rich landowners subdivided their land into smaller pieces and depended on peasants to cultivate their farms. Feudal rule led to a wide range of changes in the country. In this period of history, there was development of wealthy and strong families (Daimyo). Similarly, the warlords acquired more power especially the military authority. Moreover, the samurai were very powerful and they controlled political power (Hane & Perez, 2014). During this period, the emperor had no significant power and was just ceremonial figure as he attended parades, celebrations and ceremonies.

nMoreover, in the feudal rule, the country was characterized by civil wars between different influential families. The period also featured attempts by the Mongolians to colonise Japan although they were unsuccessful. In the mid-1500s, the European powers such as the Portuguese, Spanish, British and Dutch also started arriving in japan for trade. They attempted to change the culture of the Japanese by introducing Christianity and western civilization (Lehmann, 2010). However, the traditional rulers did not accept the cultural changes that were introduced by the Europeans. Consequently, in the 17th century, the shoguns were increasingly resistant of the western traditions and culture between the Japanese. Ultimately, they acquired public support and power, which helped certain shogun such as the Tokugawa to become more powerful and influential. Therefore, beginning 1635, the Europeans were defeated and ejected from the country (Hane & Perez, 2014). Most of the people who had embraced Christianity were killed. Moreover, from 1635 to 1850s, Japan adopted isolation policy (Sakoku). During this period, no Japanese was permitted to leave the country while foreigners were barred to enter (Lehmann, 2010). During the feudal period, Japan had a weak military force and its economy was mainly dependent on agriculture. Similarly, it had undeveloped technological capacity.

nHowever, since 1868 the Shogun rulers were defeated by the emperor who was reinstated as the highest authority of the nation. This period represented re-establishment of Meiji rule. The emperor guided the country to period of successful industrial and commercial transformation, which led to modernization (Hane & Perez, 2014).

nNonetheless, following the defeat of feudal lords by the emperor, the new government introduced bureaucratic and centralized rule. In addition, there was an introduction of parliament whose members were elected directly by the people. Furthermore, the country improved its communication and transport networks (Lehmann, 2010). Restrictions that were introduced by the feudal regime in the education sector was eliminated which led to rise in the standards of education. Most importantly, Japanese adopted use of modern technology and development of its industrial sector, which became the foundation of its strong economy (Hane & Perez, 2014). Moreover, there was establishment of a robust navy and army.

nWhat happened during the Bourgeois Revolution in India?

nBourgeois revolution in India refers to the fundamental contribution of institutions to growth and development. Consequently, it promotes lags and leads of parliamentary democracy and capitalism. This form of bourgeois revolution started in India and remains as a revolution through a top-down transformation (Stern, 2003). However, as revolution continuous, incorporating and combining factors in a community that long predates it has turn out to be as well a revolution rising from growing middle classes. According to Moore, persons who offer great support for a bourgeois revolution, its leaders and the ultimate beneficiaries are very diverse categories of people. There is limited misperception in India but persons who have benefited from it, the families and leaders of bourgeois revolution have mainly come from the middle classes (Stern, 2003). Generally, these categories involve persons who have been in employment such as managers, industrial workers, farmers, politicians and property owners in urban centre. They have developed their dominance over a variety of public places in India. Some of the factors that have contributed to the bourgeois revolution in the country are the accelerating and substantial increase in the number of new persons entering the middle classes.

nBourgeois revolution played a role in the transformation of the essential social setting of the rural parts the country. For instance, many institutions of villagers and villages such as religious societies, castes, and families are being changed into economic and political systems of a broader provincial and society in India. Without changing the caste in the traditional social setting of Indian people, especially in the rural areas, class has tremendously imposed secular considerations and values into the consecrated considerations and values of the caste (Stern, 2003). The communitarian bonds within the fragments of caste have reinforced by their engagement as stakeholders in the national and provincial politics. Moreover, they also play a vital part in the rural organization of civil community (Stern, 2003). The Indian authorities have transformed into centres of vibrant and public democracies. In addition, they are the basic units of firm democracy in the parliamentary system of the Indian multicultural country.

nDue to bourgeois revolution in the Indian social setting in the rural areas in the contemporary society, there has been significant positive transformation in the variety and number of metropolitan businesses and their ease of access to countryside. The main facts behind this massive growth are due to urbanization and industrialization of India (Stern, 2003). Furthermore, there has been improvement of transport services and facilities as well as enhancement of standards of education. The revolution has also facilitated development in the rural areas of the country, which has led to various considerable benefits for the peasant populations.