Which of the following was not a part of Robert Peel’s guidelines for a community oriented police force?na. The power of the police depended on public approval of their actions.nb. As public cooperation increased, the need for physical force by the police decreased.nc. The maximum amount of force needed to be used when persuasion and warning failed.nd. The officers needed to display impartial service to law.nn nn2. The movement to initiate policing in America began in:nna. Chicago                      c. New Orleansnnb. New York City             d. Baltimorenn nn nn3. In summary, the nineteenth century police officer was essentially a:nna. Crime fighter               c. Federal agentnnb. Political operative      d. “Keystone Kop”nn nn nn4. The problem of police-community relations was perhaps more _______ in the nineteenth century than in the late twentieth century.nna. Ambiguous and complexnnb. Volatile yet simplennc. Insignificant yet commonplacennd. Rare yet dictatorialnn nn5. During the decade of the early 1900s, the most important change in policing was the advent of the:nna. Automobile                   c. Batonnnb. Telephone                    d. Two-way radionn nn6. Major developments in policing during the 1930s included all but which of the following?nna. A redefinition of the police rolennb. The appearance of genuine empirical studies of policingnnc. The rejection of the crime fighter image by police departmentsnnd. The ascendancy of the crime fighter imagenn nn nn7. The Community Patrol Officer Program (CPOP) was instituted in 1984 in:nna. New York City              c. Los Angelesnnb. Denver                         d. Miaminn nn nn8. This commission completed the first national study of crime and criminal justice, issuing 14 reports.nna. National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goalsnnb. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disordersnnc. Wickersham Commissionnnd. Kennedy Commissionnn nn9. Newark’s evaluation of foot patrol found all but which of the following outcomes?nna. Increased satisfaction with police servicennb. Crime rates greatly decreasednnc. A significant reduction of perceived crime problemsnnd. Increase in perceived level of safety of the neighborhoodnn nn nn10. First and foremost, to address terrorism COPPS can assist by encouraging:nna. Greater expenditures for biological terrorism researchnnb. More protection for members of the media to report an attacknnc. Less bickering in Congress for terrorism preparednessnnd. The police and citizens to work together to ensure our collective safetynn nn nn11. Peel’s reform effort encountered strong opposition during its first three years.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn12. Community policing can be traced back to Peel’s philosophy on which he built his public police in 1829.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn13. By 1840, only a few American cities had police forces based on Peel’s model.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn nn14. The 19th-century police officer enjoyed widespread acceptance by the public. nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn15. During the “professional model” of policing, police organizations became law enforcement agencies, with the sole goal of controlling crime.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn nn16. O. W. Wilson became the principal architect of the police reform strategy.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn nn17. The professional model of policing effectively kept crime rates low during the 1960s and 1970s.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn18. Under “team policing,” officers were divided into teams and assigned permanently to small geographic areas.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn19. Goldstein found that police officers can solve all crimes successfully and work with citizens to solve problems.nna. Truennb. Falsenn nn20. Community oriented policing provides officers with a narrow use of discretion.nna. Truennb. False