Name of the Writer

nName of Instructor

nSubject

nDate

nBiofuel Vaporizing Unit

nIntroduction

n There are various methods of extracting different components from a compound. Biodiesel is produced by trans-esterification of triglycerides with methanol, using NaOH as the catalyst. The transformation processes such as overheating and vaporizing can be used to convert the different fatty acids components that are broken down into smaller parts. This paper will focus on distillation equipment that is used as biofuel or biodiesel vaporizing unit. In addition, the paper discusses formulation of biofuel from the raw materials. Further, the paper will focus on formulas that represent the conversion process.

nBiodiesel Manufacturing

nThe processes in the plant involve various reactions

n

nFig 1: A chemical reaction in which triglycerides and Methanol produce Glycerol, and Methyl Ester

nThe process of breaking down triglyceride, and methanol into Glycerol, and Methyl Ester involves break down of fatty acids. Fatty acids are obtained from lipids, and the flesh of animals such as cattle, calves or sheep. The products are glycerol, and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The latter is biodiesel. These products are produced in the combustion chamber through chemical reactions. Methanol/water using simple flash distillation is purified from the biodiesel by separating it from each other. The process is repeated to get more pure form of biodiesel. (Hendrickx. pp.1459–1460)

n

nFig 2: Separation of seawater by simple flash distillation

nSeparation of crude oils, and water through the flash distillation involves the process that is shown in the diagram above. A distiller and a combustion chamber indicate that there is proper separation of the various components of the crude oil with seawater by means of the evaporation, and condensation. In addition, the temperature is kept as T= 1120C and there is a possibility that there will be a proper separation of the crude oil, and water that was extracted as the raw material. (Hendrickx. pp.1459–1460)

n

nFig 3: The separation of the triglycerides, and Methanol to produce Glycerol, and Methyl Ester

nThe glycerol is much denser than the biodiesel; hence, it is separated out when it settles on the floor in the distillation process.

nThe Glycol Dehydration Unit

nThis process is used to separate water vapor from the glycol thereby purifying the products. H2S or CO2 usually produce corrosion, which is used as a preventive measure to get different components, and the enactments on it. (Hendrickx. pp.1459–1460)

n

n

nFig 4: The Glycol Dehydration Unit (vaporization)

nThe process is very simple in the dehydration unit. Water and gas in the dehydration unit enters internal scrubber section of the tower chamber with the solid Hydrocarbons. Here the process involves removal of free liquids. The flow of saturated gas is then moved up in the mass transfer section, and it is separated out as product in the first chamber. The lean Glycol is mixed with the product hence it is a better way to obtain various performances of different components of the raw materials, and their remnants. The dry gas makes an exit from the demister tower. The rich glycol then moves into a coil from the main chamber. Entrained gas is removed from the exchanger through the Flash Drum, rich glycol and separate HC liquid is extracted from it, the glycol of a rich and better nature.

nThe aromatic compounds and glycol need to be removed and they passes through a solids filter. Lean glycol from the Surge Vessel after filtering the rich glycol is subjected to heat. Under high pressure, which is sent flowing to the Lean Glycol Pump and the glycol is sent via the Glycol Contactor. In addition, glycol flows from an integral gas stripping column via the Surge Drum Cooler to the Lean/ Rich Glycol. (Zhuang, p.015020)

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nFig 5: The Glycol, and other different components of extractor and Biofuel vaporization unit

n

nFig 6: Flash drum schematic

nPartial condenser operates in the same way, with hot vapor feed, which partially condenses when cooled there is better separation of the components. The feed is easily pumped if it is in liquid state. If necessary, there is increased pressure to maintain it in liquid form (TF < Tbp). To partially vaporize the feed need Tdrum > Tbp,, and Pdrum < PF is the different formulas used for the pressure changes of the various chambers. The flash is usually adiabatic (no heat transfer across the system boundary), and there is proper heat control systems that are kept for efficient production processes. (Zhuang, p.015020)

nCase 1: specified Tdrum, Pdrum

nThe processes involved in filtration process are represented below

n

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nFig 7: Formula for the force, and temperature

nRachford-Rice Solution (trial-and-error method (except binary); easy to program

nThere is another formulation the Rachford-Rice solution. It has better and more effective solution depending with the requirement. It is a trial and error method, which can also be used for programming.

n

nFig 8: The Rachford-Rice equation for temperature equations

nThe Rachford-Rice method is a more effective way to get to the significant part in the process, and there are better and efficient calculations. There are the summations, and then the Rachford-Rice equation is formulated which shows that different methods are used in the calculation. (Atanassov, pp.28–31)

n

nFig 9: Finding the volume, and the force in the combustion chamber

nThe formulas in which the pressure and the vaporization are calculated show the parts of the calculation that have been undertaken. There are methods to find the vaporization and the pressure as the formulas indicate. There is a Newtons formula that is being used in the above figure. The next and previous values of the volume and force are indicated, and there is a proper formulation of the different values, and pairs, which are used in this formula.

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nFig 10: Case 2, and case 3 to get the different pressure values, and the value of Volume, and Force with the Temperature

nOptimum conditions are maintained through proper values of the pressure in the drum, and the effective values of the temperature in Kelvin. It has been used to get to the proper specifications. Ethanol is separated from water after the filtration process. This is pure form of biofuel, which is used for various purposes. The feed temperature should be the other factor that is used for the processes, which have been seen in it. There are ways in which the process can be changed, and there can be proper evaluation of temperatures in the biofuel extraction process. The Feed temperatures through the particular formulas related to it are evaluated to provide optimum conditions for the reaction to take place. Energy balance needs to be used in various processes of heating, and vaporizing in the processes of the reaction. (Atanassov, pp.28–31)

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nFig 11: The Energy balance is calculated in the above diagram

nThe energy balance in the above formulas is shown in the equations. The pure liquids molar capacity in form of heat and the pure vapor are used to get the energy balance of the whole procedure. Delta is the latent heat of vaporization. (Atanassov, pp.28–31)

n

nFig 12: The line of separation in the evaporation process of the different components in the distillation process

nThe Processes and the Formulas Used in The Extraction Of The Biofeuls

nThere are various limits of separation, condensation, and the pressurization. It is performed in the process of distillation, combined with heating. There are various processes, which had been applied to the Triglycerides, and Methanol in these processes. Therefore, when heat is applied then other processes are performed. The best equipment that is used to provide optimum environment to facilitate faster production. The filtration processes, and separation processes are made of different components to enable completion of the processes. Therefore, some factors should be put into consideration during the process. There have been different formulas that have used in the process for production of the desired products. Formulas for devising of the certain pressurization processes were used. In addition, other methods that were used in the processes of determining the temperature that needs to be applied to get the right value in the processes. Formulas devised to determine the amount of force that is needed to be exerted in the pressure-building situation in the proper process related scenario of the different formulations. Moreover, limits of separation had been formulated. There were places where the two components added in the formulas. Besides, there is need for energy balance on the parts of the equipment where there the processes are taking place. (Cooney, p.320)

nThere is need for raw materials such as methanol, and triglycerides that are used in the reaction with methanol to get the methanol and fatty acids. Fatty acids are produced in the process of crude oil distillation and are found in the products of cows, and other kinds of large four-legged animals. Glycerol is much denser than biodiesel therefore, it can be separated out when they settles in settler column. There has to be a look made on the products, and the utilization of the resources which can be seen in the processes. The process then goes on to the glycol dehydration unit where the glycol separates from water that was in the process. The glycol is further distributed, and made to be part of the other processes, which is used in the distribution of the product. The glycol dehydration process uses a flash drum, which is used to get better components of the ethanol, and the fatty acids can be broken down further. Formulas were used to get the specifics of the different values, and there was a Tdrum , and Pdrum is used as part of the drum where the temperatures, and the pressures are being applied to. There are different ways in which the flash drum is used to filter out all the components of the processes that are being used by the filtration, and separation processes. The Rachford Rice equation was used to determine the values of the volume, force, and temperature. There are values that are calculated which make most efficient way to get the value of the convergence in the particular formula. The Newtonian convergence is calculated using the volume and force of the parts of the processes in the distillation. These values are concise, and to get to the significant part as there is something of a discussion that has to be looked upon in this particular situation. (Cooney, p.320)

nThe values of Pdrum and Tdrum were calculated in the different formulas which have the values of x, and y calculated in that particular calculation. There had to be better and efficient fractional distillation as well as condensation, and separation that were taking place in the process for proper plant functioning in the production of Biofuels. This has been used in manufactured process by processing and the reaction of the triglycerides, and methanol to produce the glycerol, and Methyl Esters or fatty acids. Therefore, the reaction has been shown clearly again in the figure below, which showed the different Hydrocarbons that had been produced by different procedure to get the Biofuels as it was the requirements. (Cooney, p.320)

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nFig 1: A chemical reaction in which triglycerides and Methanol produce Glycerol, and Methyl Ester

nConclusion

nThere had been different processes that are used in the chemical engineering profession. A need for the utilization of the natural resources is imminent which means that there would be adequate acquisition, and utilization of the natural resources. In most cases, these resources need funds to get the best of the customers demand in the overall world market. Due to the ever-rising price of crude oil, there is need for other alternatives for production of the crude oil products. These products include Biofuels such as diesel, and petrol, or kerosene oil. They can be produced with the help of hydrocarbon reactions with natural resources such as methanol. They usually produce glycerol, which is a crude oil product after filtration. The other product is methyl ester or the product that is there in the fatty acids of the animal product or animal fat. These products can be sued to produce different crude oil products that are necessary in the consumer markets. This thereby makes it easier for the non-oil producing nations to survive. The crude oil discovered in the environment is the remains of the millions of dinosaurs that existed millions of years back in this world when there were few humans. The same has been done to find out that there are many different methods such as animal meat, and other products to produce a variety of products, and crude oil products, which are expensive. The flash distillation plants at the oil refinery have shown that the parts of the plant to be working at the best of their capacity. There is a better way to get the different distillations done in the flash distillation plants in which water distills from oil. In this particular manufacturing method in the refinery, there was a method of separating glycerol from water by the different gravitational settling methods. The prices of the products derived from natural resources can be sky rocketing which has made various parts of the world get devoid of these particular kinds of products that are being developed. Therefore, needs to be better, and proper conservation of energy, and resources in order to make the environment better for the people in the world. The countries that are most affected by the problem are the third-world countries that do not have the income even to feed themselves properly.

nWorks Cited

nBullen, R.A. et al. Biofuel cells and their development. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21, pp.2015–2045. 2006. Print.

nHendrickx, J.F.A. et al.,. Severe ADU desflurane vaporizing unit malfunction. Anesthesiology, 99, pp.1459–1460; author reply 1460. 2003. Print.

nZhuang, Q., Qin, Z. & Chen, M., Biofuel, land and water: maize, switchgrass or Miscanthus ? Environmental Research Letters, 8, p.015020. 2013. Print.

nAtanassov, P., Apblett, C. & Banta, S., Enzymatic biofuel cells. Interface, pp.28–31. 2007

nCooney, M.J. et al.,. Enzyme catalysed biofuel cells. Energy & Environmental Science, 1, p.320. 2008. Print.

nYue, D., You, F. & Snyder, S.W., Biomass-to-bioenergy and biofuel supply chain optimization: Overview, key issues and challenges. Computers and Chemical Engineering. 2014. Print.