Diverse Populations and Health Care
March 8, 2023Economic Development of Germany and Italy 5 years before, during and 5 years after WWII (1935-1950)
nName
nInstitution
nCourse
nDate
n
nIntroduction
nFrom the 1929, most European countries suffered from economic recession, which was caused by the Great Depression. Therefore, countries such as Germany and Italy experienced high rates of unemployment, huge debts, and inflation (Conradt and Langenbacher 2013). Consequently, these governments were unable to deal effectively with emerging issues in their economies. Ultimately, this facilitated change of regime in these countries (Hiden 2014). In Germany, the National Socialist Party of Germany (Nazi) led by Adolf Hitler took over power from 1933 aiming to promote economic recovery in the country (Adena et al 2015). The Nazi government introduced economic reforms with an objective of minimizing the rate of unemployment due to the Great Depression and World War I. Between 1932 and 1933; the Nazi government introduced economic policy, which encompassed management of exchange rates, expansion of financial policy and credit facilities (Stachura 2014). On the other hand, the National Fascist Party led by Mussolini Benito initiated a number of economic programs with an intention to boost the economy in Italy (Evans 2015). The leader of Conservative Party, Sir Winston Churchill, led Britain in the WWII. After the end of this war, all countries recorded a significant level of economic prosperity. West Germany, Britain and Italy adopted capitalism policies, which facilitated development. The paper will analyse the Economic Development of Germany and Italy 5 years before, during and 5 years after WWII.
nThe Economy of Germany in the First Five Years Preceding and during World War II
nPrior to election of Hitler 1933, the economy of Germany was experiencing many challenges because of the impacts of the Great Recession. During this period, the rate of unemployment in the country was over 33 per cent, which meant that close to 6 million people were jobless (Adena et al 2015). Nazi regime and Hitler promised economic transformation by providing adequate jobs for all Germans. The government played a major role in reducing the rate of unemployment since it promoted formation of huge projects in public works. Consequently, the Germans were offered jobs, irrespective of their productivity (Hiden 2014). Hitler accomplished significant economic transformation in his first five years in power. In this regard, the Germanys economy recovered tremendously. For instance, the joblessness in the country reduced from 6 million to less than half a million in 1939 (Conradt and Langenbacher 2013). During this period, other European countries were still struggling with deteriorating economies.
nIn the first five years of Nazi administration, the domestic income and productivity doubled. Research by Adena et al (2015) noted that the economic growth of the country was partly boosted by the rearmament policy that Hitler introduced. Many young people were employed in the military, although women were not offered employment. In 1935, most of the Jews lost their jobs after Hitler revoked their citizenship (Adena et al 2015).
nThe GDP of Germany Prior to WWII, Source (Conradt and Langenbacher 2013)
n
nHowever, the industrial expansion also led to a surge in the currency supply in the country, which was likely to increase inflation. Therefore, the Nazi administration responded by freezing of prices in 1935. Due to this action, the government had taken up the role of the market in controlling the economy (Köster 2013). The Nazi administration did not nationalize the private assets, but it could determine how these resources were used.
nHitler also strengthened the social welfare programs in the country, which contributed to economic prosperity before the World War II. Initially, the social welfare was provided via the decentralized system (Conradt and Langenbacher 2013). All workers were covered under the compulsory insurance irrespective of their job (Adena et al 2015). During the WWII, the economy of the country slowed because of destruction of industries, housing and death of skilled labour.
nThe Economy of Italy in the First Five Years Prior to and during the World War II
nAs compared to Germany, Italy was also faced with economic challenges due to the effects of World War I and Great Recession. Therefore, Mussolini introduced social and economic reforms in order to realize stability in the Italian economy (Gilmour 2011). For instance, the Fascist government introduced a Corporate State, other economic changes, social policies and the Lateran contracts (Gregor 2014). Most notably during this period, he had created a fully dictatorial state by abolishing the Italian parliament. However, unlike in Germany, the country did not record significant economic growth during this period.
nThe main reason why Fascist government introduced economic reforms was to realize Italian prosperity. Since Mussolini rose to power, he continued to implement the high tariff measures in order to safeguard the domestic market from stiff competition posed by international goods. Nonetheless, the most notable economic restructuring in 1933 was the introduction of the Corporate State (Cook-Sather and Moser 2015). Similarly, the government had its own representatives who played a key role in the management of these corporations. Moreover, the National Council of Corporations was tasked with the responsibility of supervising all the companies under the leadership of Mussolini (Wodak and Richardson 2013). The corporations offered health, unemployment and accident insurance for employees. Fascist government also introduced monetary subsidies for industries. The Italian government would purchase the domestic products, even if they were costly as compared to foreign goods. The government also tackled unemployment by introducing major projects in agriculture, transport and energy sector (Goeschel 2012).
nA study by Wodak and Richardson (2013) noted that although the fascist government attempted to implement many economic reforms, it failed to accomplish desired prosperity because the standards of living of the people did not improve. The researcher pointed out that the GDP of the country remained relatively low. More significantly, the employers benefited from the corporations at the expense of workers (Wodak and Richardson 2013). Employees suffered because of poor wages, since they were not allowed to strike (Cook-Sather and Moser 2015).
nTherefore, the five years period preceding the commencement of World War II was characterized by economic decline in the Fascist Italy as compared to Nazi Germany, which had massive economic advancement. During the WWII, its economy also declined because the war was costly to the nation. The domestic industries were destroyed which affected the ability of the country to supply important products. In addition, infrastructures such as roads, airports and railways were significantly affected.
nThe economy of Britain in the First Five Years Prior to and during the World War II
nThe Great Recession had devastating economic impacts in European countries, including Britain. In the 1930s, the British economy was characterized by the stagnated growth. Consequently, the country suffered from high rate of poverty and loss of jobs. In addition, the rate of inflation increased leading to loss of value of the sterling pound (Crowson 2011). Similarly, social unrests increased among the citizens. The budget was also helped to reduce the wages of the public sector and unemployment benefits. However, from the 1933, the economy recorded significant levels of recovery (Reynolds 2013). The government also introduced more financial policy in order to reduce the effects of the recession.
nMeasures were introduced to reduce the rate of interest in the country. Subsequently, the rate of real interest reduced in 1933 to 0.6 per cent from 9 per cent in 1930. The loss of value of Sterling Pound assisted the British exports (Knox, Agnew and McCarthy 2014). Following the exit of Britain from gold standard, its exports turn out to be more competitive on the global market as compared to those of countries that did not leave the gold standard. It also increases the local demand leading to economic growth. Consequently, this facilitated the moderate recovery of the economy (Crowson 2011). Furthermore, the financial policies played a key role in improvement of monetary supply by over 33 per cent in 1935.
nEconomic Growth in 1930s, Source, (Knox, Agnew and McCarthy 2014)
n
nMoreover, the improvement of infrastructure led to growth of growth of industries. The living standards also improved in the country due to improvement of the economy. In addition, in 1936, the rate of unemployment was drastically reduced (Cairncross 2013). In 1936, the rate of unemployment was only 8 per cent as compared to that of 1932, which was 15 per cent. Nonetheless, the impacts of great downturn were only partially stopped in Britain. Some parts of the country were still experiencing these effects (Crowson 2011). However, due to rising rate of inflation in the economy, Britain witnessed a minor drop in GDP to debt ratios (Ravenhill 2014). Nonetheless, as compared to Italy and Germany, the country did not have political and social turmoil. In addition, Britain did not see the rise of dictatorship. Extremists political organization did not achieve significant influence in the country (Reynolds 2013).
nThe British government also began the rearmament plan in 1938. The programme initiated an extra increase in the economic development of the country. In addition, it boosted the demand of industrial products, which were used as raw materials in construction of weaponry (Lindvall 2013). Consequently, the rise of industrial production played a key role in reduction of unemployment rate in the country (Crowson 2011). The main aim of rearmament policy was to counter a similar policy initiated by the Nazi Germany.
nDuring the World War II, the industrial growth was witnessed as the output increased. Most importantly, women were well mobilised as they served as workers. The industries concentrated in generation of munitions (Capie 2013). The steel companies were used to supply materials for construction of aircrafts, and other ammunitions. The British government received huge amount of financial aid from the US in the course of World War II, which played a crucial role in the sustainability efforts (Sutcliffe 2014).
nThe Economy of Germany in 1945-1950
nBy 1945, Germany was divided into West and East Germany. The East Germany was administered by the Soviet Union while the West was under the US, Britain and France. After the war, Germany had poor economy. War policies such as scorched earth damaged approximately 25 per cent of all accommodation (Logemann 2012). In 1946, the production of food had declined by approximately 52 per cent as compared to that in 1938. In addition, the production in industries had dropped by 67 per cent in 1947 as compared to the industrial output in 1938. Germany also lost its work force because most people were killed during the war (Rieger 2014). Additionally, it had many regulations in terms of monetary system, which led to poor output in the economy in the first two post-war years (Erhard 2013). However, despite all the economic challenges after the war, Germany registered economic miracle (wirtschaftwunder).
nFollowing the end of the war, the new administration adopted a social market economy. West Germany introduced effective plans and policies that facilitated prosperity (Erhard 2013). Therefore, the sound economic system, especially the execution of liberalization policy facilitated the ‘economic miracle. In addition, it embarked on reconstruction efforts, which promoted recovery of the economy (Rieger 2014).
nResearch by Hesse (2012) argued that the Ordo-liberalism process had a significant part in the economic recovery of the West Germany. In this regard, they facilitated capitalism, which permitted government participation to ensure that it helped many people to solve existing challenges. In this regard, the government instituted robust regulations that were meant to control monopolies or cartels from emerging (Hesse 2012). The West German also established a central bank, which could provide monetary policies in the country. In addition, the bank was not dependant on the government (Jessen and Nembach-Langer eds. 2012). The central bank played a key role in provision of stability in prices In addition, the government also decided to reduce the taxes on some low-income earners. By 1950, the rate of marginal tax had reduced to 18 per cent from over 85 per cent in 1944. Moreover, the country developed strategies to re-invents its capital stock aiming to improve the economic productions at higher rates. The economic proliferation was witnessed in the first five post-war periods because of high rates of investments in capital (Black 2012).
nA study by Black (2012) suggested that West Germany received the highest percentage of the money through the Marshall Plan (Black 2012). The Marshall Plan also helped West Germany to grow its economy. The US government introduced the recovery system to help European countries that suffered from the Second World War (Rieger 2014). However, other research from Siems and Schnyder (2014) argued that economic rebirth in the country cannot be credited to the Marshall Plan because the financial assistance from the plan only provided less than 5 per cent of the domestic revenue (Siems and Schnyder 2014). Therefore, it had limited impact in the economic resurgence of Germany in first five post-WWII years.
nThe Economy of Italy in 1945-1950
nAfter the end of the WWII, the Italian economy suffered greatly because of death of skilled work force and destruction of property. In 1946, the nation held a referendum where most people accepted to end the monarchy rule (Lees-Maffei and Fallan eds. 2013). The Christian Democrats Party won elections led by Gasperi de Alcide. The new government helped to formulate a new constitution and to introduce free economy in the country.
nThe Marshall Plan had a substantial contribution in the economic rebirth in the country. In 1948, during the parliamentary elections, the US funded the capitalist party. The Marshall Plan helped to rebuild the economy by funding infrastructural projects. The country received more than $2 billion from the US (Coltorti, Resciniti, Tunisini and Varaldo eds. 2013). Consequently, Italian economy registered massive economic growth in the first five years after the war. Major Italian cities such as Turin, Rome and Milan recorded notable economic growth because of modernisation and re-construction of the country. Research by Grabas and Nützenadel eds. (2014) pointed that the Italian economic prosperity was only second to Germany in the world during this period.
nThe industrial sector growth in Italy was registered from 1945. The financial support from the US, particularly in oil and food sectors played a role to recreate the domestic industries such as steel. The government removed the restrictions that had occurred in the Fascists government (King 2015). Moreover, it reintroduced the trade unions aiming to meet the demands of workers. The rebuilding program instituted between 1945 and 1947 puts a lot of emphasizing on industrial growth. Through these economic programs, Italy was able to recover the levels of production that existed prior to the Second World War by 1948 (Lees-Maffei and Fallan eds. 2013).
nThe GDP of Italy between 1890 and 1990, Source (Coltorti, Resciniti, Tunisini and Varaldo eds. 2013)
n
nFurthermore, Italy played a key role in research and development, especially in the engineering sector. The country had an annual growth of 8 per cent due to stimulus industrial transformation (Coltorti, Resciniti, Tunisini and Varaldo eds. 2013). Some of the major industries generated outstanding fashions such as shoes and clothing. Others included furniture, washing machines, refrigerators, typewriting, artificial fibres, plastics and refrigerators.
nThe rebirth of the Italian economy after the World War II was enhanced by availability of less costly raw materials. Additionally, its currency was relatively stable, which helps to stabilize the economy by reducing inflation. For instance, the discovery of oil helped to supply the industries with a cheap source of energy (King 2015). Entrepreneurs could easily access credit from financial institutions such as national banks and loan organizations (Coltorti, Resciniti, Tunisini and Varaldo eds. 2013). Therefore, both the government institutions and market forces facilitated the economic miracle that was experienced in the Italian economy during this period.
nEconomic Growth of Britain after the World War II
nAfter the War, the Labour Party defeated Churchills government and introduced various reforms in the countrys economy. For instance, the administration introduced social programmes such as social security, pension, and domestic health welfare for the workforce. The period after the war was characterized by improvement in the economy (Knox, Agnew and McCarthy 2014).
nBritain is one of the countries that benefited from the Marshall plan. Between 1945 and 1950, there was rapid recovery of the economy never seen before. The fast growth in economy and trade was boosted by the resurgence of other economies in other parts of the world such as Germany and Japan. In addition, the period was characterized by low level of international inflation, which catalysed international trade (Crowson 2011). Furthermore, they were decrease of the tariff obstacles, which promoted the free trade. Additionally, this period offered stability in terms of economic and political environment. The British government also facilitated adoption of technology such as use of petrol engines and computers (Ravenhill 2014).
nRate of Unemployment in UK after WWII, Source, (Crowson 2011)
n
nOn the other hand, the shortages of labour in the country were very high in Britain. Consequently, the government allowed mass immigration, which increased the productivity in the industries. Similarly, it played a significant role in the rise of real GDP. However, research by Reynolds (2013) noted that although Britain achieved drastic growth in the economy, the rate was slower as compared to other nations such as Germany. The competitiveness of British products in the global market reduced considerably. The country also had poor working relations in the industries. The Labour government also maintained huge rates of taxes in the country (Reynolds 2013). The income tax was approximately 99 per cent higher in World War II. However, it did not reduce after this war. The inflation rate was positive which enabled economic prosperity in the country (Knox, Agnew and McCarthy 2014). The country was able to service the national debt because there was very low rate of interest.
nConclusion
nThe effects of World War I and Great Recession in Europe lead to high rate of unemployment, and inflation. Consequently, in pre-world war II period, unlike Britain, both Germany and Italy experienced a rise of dictatorial regimes such as Nazism and Fascism (Crafts 2015). In Germany, the first five years prior to the war was a period of high rate of economic growth because of the development of technology and industrialization (Forte and Magazzino 2016). However, in Italy, the economy was relatively poor because of weak economic policies adopted by Mussolini government. In Britain, the economy experienced a period of slow growth. After the war, between 1945 and 1950 all countries nations recorded economic miracles because they were able to recover massively leading to financial rebirth (Coltorti, Resciniti, Tunisini and Varaldo eds. 2013). The adoption of capitalism policies in West Germany, Britain and Italy helped to promote economic development. In addition, these countries benefited from financial aid through the Marshall Plan initiated by the US.
n
nReferencesAdena, M., Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., Santarosa, V. and Zhuravskaya, E., 2015. Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany. Available at SSRN 2242446.
nBaffigi, A., Bontempi, M.E., Felice, E. and Golinelli, R., 2015. The changing relationship between inflation and the economic cycle in Italy: 1861–2012. Explorations in Economic History, 56, pp.53-70.
nBernhard, P., 2013. Borrowing from Mussolini: Nazi Germany’s Colonial Aspirations in the Shadow of Italian Expansionism. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 41(4), pp.617-643.
nBlack, M., 2012. Miracles in the Shadow of the Economic Miracle: The “Supernatural’50s” in West Germany. The Journal of Modern History, 84(4), pp.833-860.
nCairncross, A., 2013. Years of recovery: British economic policy 1945-51. Routledge.
nCapie, F., 2013. Depression & Protectionism: Britain Between the Wars (Vol. 2). Routledge.
nColtorti, F., Resciniti, R., Tunisini, A. and Varaldo, R. eds., 2013. Mid-sized manufacturing companies: The new driver of Italian competitiveness. Springer Science & Business Media.
nConradt, D.P. and Langenbacher, E., 2013. The German Polity. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
nCook-Sather, A. and Moser, J.E., 2015. Global Great Depression and the Coming of World War II. Routledge.
nCrafts, N., 2015. WEST EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION SINCE 1950. Routledge Handbook of the Economics of European Integration, p.3.
nCrowson, N.J., 2011. Britain and Europe. A political history since 1918.
nDavis, J.A., 2014. Gramsci (RLE: Gramsci): And Italy’s Passive Revolution. Routledge.
nErhard, L., 2013. Germany’s Comeback in the World Market: The German’miracle’Explained by the Bonn Minister for Economics. Routledge.
nEvans, R.J., 2015. Rethinking German History (Routledge Revivals): Nineteenth-Century Germany and the Origins of the Third Reich. Routledge.
nForte, F. and Magazzino, C., 2016. Government Size and Economic Growth in Italy: A Time-series Analysis. European Scientific Journal, 12(7).
nGilmour, D., 2011. The pursuit of Italy: a history of a land, its regions, and their peoples. Macmillan.
nGoeschel, C., 2012. Italia docet? The Relationship between Italian Fascism and Nazism Revisited. European History Quarterly, 42(3), pp.480-492.
nGrabas, C. and Nützenadel, A. eds., 2014. Industrial Policy in Europe After 1945: Wealth, Power and Economic Development in the Cold War. Springer.
nGregor, A.J., 2014. Italian fascism and developmental dictatorship. Princeton University Press.
nHesse, J.O., 2012. The ‘Americanisationof West German economics after the Second World War: Success, failure, or something completely different?. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 19(1), pp.67-98.
nHiden, J., 2014. Germany and Europe 1919-1939. Routledge.
nJessen, R. and Nembach-Langer, L. eds., 2012. Transformations of Retailing in Europe after 1945. Ashgate.
nKing, R., 2015. The Industrial Geography of Italy (Routledge Library Editions: Economic Geography) (Vol. 7). Routledge.
nKnox, P., Agnew, J.A. and McCarthy, L., 2014. The geography of the world economy. Routledge.
nKöster, R., 2013. Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm. German History, p.ghs137.
nLees-Maffei, G. and Fallan, K. eds., 2013. Made in Italy: Rethinking a Century of Italian Design. A&C Black.
nLindvall, J., 2013. Economic crises as political opportunities. Before and Beyond the Global Economic Crisis: Economics, Politics and Settlement, p.132.
nLogemann, J.L., 2012. Trams Or Tailfins?: Public and Private Prosperity in Postwar West Germany and the United States. University of Chicago Press.
nRavenhill, J., 2014. Global political economy. Oxford University Press.
nReynolds, D., 2013. Britannia overruled: British policy and world power in the twentieth century. Routledge.
nRieger, B., 2014. Trams or Tailfins? Public and Private Prosperity in Postwar West Germany and the United States. German History, 32(4), pp.679-680.
nSiems, M. and Schnyder, G., 2014. Ordoliberal lessons for economic stability: different kinds of regulation, not more regulation. Governance, 27(3), pp.377-396.
nStachura, P.D., 2014. Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism (RLE Nazi Germany & Holocaust). Routledge.
nStephenson, J., 2014. Women in Nazi Germany. Routledge.
nSutcliffe, A., 2014. An economic and social history of Western Europe since 1945. Routledge.
nWodak, R. and Richardson, J.E., 2013. Analysing fascist discourse: European fascism in talk and text (Vol. 5). Routledge.
